![]() In 1953, Dunayevskaya split with Lee and James, leading to the formation of Marxist-Humanism by Dunayevskaya (later solidified into the group News and Letters), while James and Lee would go on to form a new group, Facing Reality, which would eventually see the split between James and now Grace Lee-Boggs. The 1956 preface to their 1950 text State Capitalism and World Revolution was signed by Cornelius Castoriadas and Cajo Brendel, indicating some links with both the new ideas abroad and the older Council Communist tradition, though no direct influence of Council Communism ever seemed apparent in the offshoots of the JFT, maybe due to their critical espousal of Lenin as one of the greatest revolutionary theorists. Initially influenced mostly by Hegel, Marx and Lenin (having mostly broken with Trotskyism by 1948), they conducted ground-breaking work in reviving Marx's ideas and grappling concretely with the post-WWII world, and opening up a new practice for revolutionaries. They laid out the most significant critique of the Soviet Union as a capitalist society since Bordiga, though unlike Bordiga they referred to it as state-capitalist. Though within Trotskyism until 1950, the JFT, led by CLR James (Johnson), Raya Dunayevskaya (Forest) and Grace Lee. Though not a member of the Frankfurt School, Henri Lefebvre deserves mention in this second wave of Hegelian Marxism, and unlike the Frankfurt School, whose most important works were written in the 1930's and '40's, Lefebvre continued his pioneering work into the 1960's (for an interesting discussion of Lefebvre, see Lenin, Hegel and Western Marxism, by Kevin Anderson.)Ī major change took place in the 1940's, with the development of the Johnson-Forest Tendency within U.S. In the 1930's, a new strain of more or less Hegelian Marxism developed in the Frankfurt School, with Marcuse, Theodor Adorno, Horkheimer, Walter Benjamin and Bloch, influenced not only by Marx, but also by early Hegelian Marxism in theory, but sometimes Leninism in practice. The most well known of Bordiga-influenced theorists include Jacques Camatte and Jean Barrot (Gilles Dauve). Bordiga remained theoretically active, more or less, until his death and his works gave rise to a handful of groups in France and Italy. ![]() Arthur, Cyril Smith and Paresh Chattopadhyay, the latter two also influenced by Raya Dunayevskaya and Marxist-Humanism (see below.)ĭuring the 1920's, the next major development came from the critique of Leninism and Stalinism by Amadeo Bordiga, who wrote the most cogent analysis of Russia as a capitalist society (until the 1940's) in 1926. Some current Hegelian Marxists of note include Christopher J. ![]() They were not, however, the first Marxists to return to a serious study of Hegel, as Lenin had begun that process in 1914, but his notebooks were unknown to all but him and had little impact on Bolshevism's practice or certain, critical aspects of Lenin's own theoretical work. Rubin, whose most important work happened largely from 1918-1928. There would be a resurgence of councilist groups and ideas in the 1960's, however, through the Situationist International, Root and Branch in the United States and the ICL/ ICO split from Socialisme ou Barbarie and their various offshoots.Īlongside and sometimes connected to the councilists were the early Hegelian Marxists, Gyorgy Lukacs (a council communist himself from 1918-21 or 22), Karl Korsch (who turned to council communism in the '30's), Evgeny Pashukanis and I.I. Council Communism formed a distinct tendency beginning in WWI and continuing through the current period, though the original councilists had no significant organisational presence after the dissolution of the KAPD (German Communist Workers' Party). (trans: Group of Internationalist Communists), Henk Canne Meijer, Cajo Brendel and Paul Mattick, Sr. The early councilists are followed later by the G.I.K. There seems to have been little cross fertilisation between Luxemburg and the Councilists and Luxemburg's ideas are only really picked up and built upon thirty years after her death in 1919. Out of Social Democracy (1880-1918) arise Rosa Luxemburg and the Council Communists, especially Anton Pannekoek, Otto Ruhle, Herman Gorter, and Sylvia Pankhurst. Of interest, though little read, are the minutes from the International Working Men's Association. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, especially Marx's work. Please refer to the Companion Map for a graphical guide to these currents To help navigate the site, this is a rough, textual "family tree" of libertarian Marxism.
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